World Health Organization-process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M et al (2005) Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Sousa VD, Rojjanasrirat W (2011) Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline: validation of instruments or scales. O’Driscoll C, Shaikh M (2017) Cross-cultural applicability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): a systematic review. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V et al (2005) The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment: MOCA: a brief screening tool for MCI. Naqvi RM, Haider S, Tomlinson G, Alibhai S (2015) Cognitive assessments in multicultural populations using the Rowland universal dementia assessment scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Komalasari R, Chang HC (Rita), Traynor V (2019) A review of the Rowland universal dementia assessment scale. Storey JE, Rowland JTJ, Conforti DA, Dickson HG (2004) The Rowland universal dementia assessment scale (RUDAS): a multicultural cognitive assessment scale. Įscobar JI, Burnam A, Karno M et al (1986) Use of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in a community population of mixed ethnicity: cultural and linguistic artifacts. Parlevliet JL, Uysal-Bozkir Ö, Goudsmit M et al (2016) Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older non-western immigrants in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study: MCI and dementia prevalence in immigrants. Petersen RC (2016) Mild cognitive impairment. O’Bryant S, O’Jile J, McCaffrey R (2004) Reporting of demographic variables in neuropsychological research: trends in the current literature. Ĭova I, Del Tedesco F, Maggiore L et al (2020) Cognitive disorders in migrants: retrospective analysis in a Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia in Milan. Ĭanevelli M, Lacorte E, Cova I et al (2019) Estimating dementia cases amongst migrants living in Europe. Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E et al (2013) The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
The potential availability of many culturally adapted and translated versions of the MoCA increases the chance of offering a linguistically and culturally sensitive screening for cognitive impairment to diverse populations further studies are needed to identify if MoCA can be considered a truly cross-cultural fair test. The quality of the process of cultural adaptation of MoCA differs considerably among different available versions as well as the number of items adapted in the various language versions. Culturally different adapted versions of the MoCA were unevenly distributed across different geographic areas. Overall, 86 culturally different versions of MoCA are available: 74 versions on the MoCA website (25 of them have a corresponding paper concerning the translation process found with the systematic review) and 12 additional versions identified only with the search in biomedical databases. Adapted versions were identified through a systematic review in 3 databases and on the MoCA website. This study provides a systematic review of linguistically and culturally adapted versions of the original Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) full version.